|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A PERSONAL ACCOUNT
OF MY RELATIONSHIP WITH PCP |
|
|
Maureen Pope
|
|
|
University of Reading, UK
|
|
|
|
|
|
INTRODUCTION
When I
began to think of my brief for this presentation, i.e. “what PCP has
meant to
me, what I have done with it and where it might go?” I realised that it
conjured up what the philosopher Dilthey termed ‘connecting threads’:
“The person
who seeks the connecting threads in the history of his life has
already, from
different points of view, created connections which he is now putting
in to
words ... the units are formed by the conceptions of experience in
which
present and past events are held together by common meaning. Among
these
experiences those which have special dignity, both in themselves and
for the
passage of his life, have been preserved in memory and lifted out of
the
endless stream of forgotten events.” (Dilthey, 1976, p.215)
So what
follows is not a traditional academic paper but reminiscences of some
of my
experiences with PCP which I have ‘lifted out’ to share with you today.
EARLY
BEGINNINGS
My first
formal exposure to PCP was as an undergraduate student at Brunel University. Unlike at many British
universities, Kelly’s theory was part of the Psychology Course. I had
an
opportunity to compare and contrast many different psychological
perspectives
but kept coming back to Kelly’s ideas. I found that his ideas resonated
with
how I felt about how we learn and potential blocks to learning.
Several
years earlier, I started a ‘Pure Science’ degree at the time when
chemistry
nomenclature was changing. When I asked why this was the case I was
told “You
do not need to know just learn it”. Up until that point learning had
been a joy
but now I was disillusioned. As you might expect I neglected Chemistry
but was
drawn to Psychology, which was offered as a fourth subject but was seen
as
incidental part of the course. I decided to withdraw. I did not let
myself be
trapped by parental and others’ expectations. I was not to become a
victim of
my biography. I vowed to respect the right of students to question the
knowledge offered by their teachers and realised the importance of
constructive
dialogue. This is a fundamental tenet in PCP. So I suppose this was
when I
first became an advocate of Kelly’s ideas without knowing it!
When I
finished my Psychology degree I stayed on to teach part-time and joined
Brunel’s
Centre for the Study of Human Learning to complete my PhD. The Centre,
directed
by Laurie Thomas was recognised as one of the main institutions
applying Personal
Construct Theory and grid techniques in education. Working with Laurie,
I was
able to explore further my interest in PCP and its implications for
Education.
At the Centre, which was a pioneer in the development of interactive
programs
for the elicitation of Repertory Grids, I was involved in field testing
these
programs and also in its consultancy work. One memorable assignment was
for a
well-known High
Street firm
who requested us to help with their quality control at one of the
factories
supplying goods. This involved us eliciting constructs about faults on
men’s
underwear! Faults were passing through the quality control line if they
were inside
the garment but were rejected if the fault was on the outside of the garment.
Whilst
completing my PhD I presented a paper on Student Teachers’ Reflections
on their
Training at the first International Congress on Personal Construct
Psychology
in Oxford, 1977. This was an exiting
experience - meeting in person many of the authors whom I had read in
the course
of my study. I can distinctly remember the night several of us, now
highly
respected academics, used a radiator in one of our rooms on which to
create a
repertory grid. One hilarious evening that convinced me that PCP folk
were fun.
The recent European PCP conference in Sweden did much to validate my construing!
PCP researchers who attended demonstrated their creative talents at
sessions
convened by Jörn
Scheer and Vivien
Burr and their capacity for late night musical sessions.
International PCP congresses have become
an
important feature in the development of PCP - facilitating
international
co-operation, research and friendship. Our special Birthday Girl, Fay Fransella,
edited the
conference book and I had the thrill of seeing my first research paper
in
print! By this time I was committed to pursuing a career as an academic
and
researcher and exploring the potential of PCP in informal and formal
educational contexts.
WHERE DID
MY EXPLORATIONS TAKE ME?
On leaving Brunel I joined the Institute of Educational Development at Surrey University. There, together with John Gilbert, I formed the Personal
Construction of Knowledge Group. A main focus of the group was
Science
Education and our research had considerable influence on the
development of
constructivist approaches to science teaching in schools. The major
association
of science educators in Britain (Association for Science Education) recognised the need
to explore
other psychological models such as that of Kelly in terms of their
implication
for learning and teaching in Science.
The group attracted a number of
postgraduate students and I found that postgraduate education was to be
one of
the areas I valued most during my academic career. I have introduced
PCP to
scores of students and been called upon to examine many doctorates
which have
PCP as a philosophical and methodological underpinning.
One particular student from those days
was
Pam, now Professor Denicolo, who has become my lifelong friend and
co-researcher
in PCP. I left the University of Surrey after eleven years to take up a professorship at the University of Reading. One
aspect of postgraduate education we stress is the importance of
Research
Training. At Surrey and later at Reading
we created an education and training course, which received ESRC
mode recognition. Core tenets of the course were that students would be
exposed
to a range of approaches, be able to make personal choices and be
expected to
justify their decisions. Students are encouraged to explore personal
meaning as
researchers and engage in constructive dialogue with their supervisors.
Alongside other approaches students are
introduced to PCP, the philosophy of Constructive Alternativism,
Repertory
Grids and other techniques consistent with PCP philosophy. We have used
repertory
grids in our research but the development of alternative techniques is
something I believe has been of benefit to us, our students and those
who have
read our books and articles. These have included narratives, ‘snakes’
or ‘rivers’
of experience, Illuminative Incident Analysis and Interview about
Instances.
The Research
Centre for Personal Construct
Psychology in Education (which Pam and I co-directed) has had
many visitors,
often from overseas. We have also been invited to give workshops in Britain
and abroad. Our research and development work in PCP has led to many
invitations to travel abroad. As well as attending International
Conferences I
have run workshops in Italy, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Thailand, Singapore, Hong
Kong, Malaysia, Australia and Canada. In addition to these visits abroad I have also
supervised students
from Taiwan, China, Pakistan, Turkey, Cyprus, Iceland, Sweden, Hong
Kong, Brazil, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia.
These have been rewarding experiences –
introducing PCP to many who had not had the opportunity to consider its
implications for education and also my learning a great deal from
exposure to
other cultures. I have derived a great deal of pleasure in seeing
others have a Eureka type of experience when they find PCP has relevance for
their
research, work or personal life. Many also report that they are
continuing to
develop PCP approaches in their own countries.
RESEARCH
As indicated earlier, my research focus
has
been the implication of PCP in educational settings, in schools, higher
education and professional arenas. This has led to me developing
contacts with
researchers who may not come to PCP conferences but are using PCP in
their work
and research. The International Study Association on Teachers and
Teaching (of
which I was Chair for a number of years) have many members who approach
their
research and educational practice using the epistemological thrust and
constructivist research methodologies implied by PCP as a basis for
their work.
The following are the areas through
which I
have explored the utility of theory and methods of PCP. They are
testimony to
the diversity of contexts to which PCP may be applied.
Science Education:
Teaching and learning in chemistry
Teaching
and learning in physics
Curricular
philosophy and Students’
personal epistemologies of science
Children’s’
conceptions of:
Energy
Change
Food
Teacher Education:
initial and in-service:
Teacher
thinking and practice
Teacher
and student teacher stress
Teaching
of English as a foreign language
Teaching
of physical education
Teacher
identity
Dance
education
Higher education:
Learning climate
Individualised learning
Engineering design
education
Career decision-making
Student study skills
Staff development
Health and nurse education:
Smoking and health education
Inter-professional
practice in nursing
Constructs of infection
control
Assessment in community
nursing practice
Care of the elderly
Learning disability
nursing
For further information on most of these
areas see Pope &
Denicolo
(2001) and Denicolo
& Pope
(2001 ).
THE WAY
FORWARD
We have been
asked to consider whither PCP? I hope that academics and practitioners
will
continue to explore the rich potential of PCP in diverse areas. I have
touched
on the range of areas in education that my colleagues and I have found
it
fruitful. The literature abounds with other examples in management,
health
settings and therapeutic applications. However, I suggest that there
are two
arenas where PCP has been underplayed. The first is the spasmodic
inclusion of
PCP in undergraduate education. I have been lucky in my career to have
encountered Kelly’s ideas whilst I was an undergraduate. Others are not
so
lucky. Even in Reading students in the Psychology department have had
to come to Pam or myself for help with theory and method. There may be
a
cursory mention as part of a course in constructivist approaches but no
thorough analysis.
The second
area is that of conflict resolution. Identity is an area that has
attracted the
attention of the PCP community. I wonder how much work is or could be
done to
use PCP notions of, for example, identity, sociality, commonality,
hostility,
threat within international politics?
WHAT IS IN
A NAME?
In
conclusion I would like to make a plea for the retention of Personal
constructivism. I regretted the change of name of the
International Journal
from the Journal of Personal Construct Psychology to the Journal of
Constructivist Psychology. Likewise it is sad that the North American
Personal
Construct Association has dropped ‘the Personal’. For me the person is
the
essence of psychology theory and practice. As an academic I can fully
appreciate the common links between Kelly’s ideas and various brands of
constructivism.
These are to be explored and recognised. I can also appreciate that
there are
political imperatives that can impinge on academics in order to be
recognised,
accepted and get published. It takes courage to stand against the tide.
But
from time to time it is important to celebrate the strength of Kelly’s
work, as
a founder constructivist, in terms of its emphasis on the person and
his/her
personal meaning.
Let me
close by wishing the Centre for Personal
Construct Psychology well in its new
home. May the seas be calm and a fair wind blow! Fay and Roy will
appreciate
the nautical metaphor. I wish many happy returns to Fay who, by her
inspiration, has done so much for Personal Construct Psychology in the UK and abroad. |
|
|
|
|
|
REFERENCES |
|
|
Denicolo, P., Pope, M.
(2001). Transformative
Professional Practice: Personal Construct approaches to Education and
Research,
London, Whurr.
Dilthey, W. (1976). Selected Writings
(ed. and transl. Rickmann, H. P.). London: Cambridge University Press.
Pope, M., Denicolo, P.
(2001) Transformative
Education: Personal Construct approaches to practice and Research,
London, Whurr.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The article is based
on a talk given at the conference on 'PCP: a personal story' organised
by
the Centre for Personal Construct at the University of Hertfordshire, UK,
on September 29, 2006. |
|
|
|
|
|
ABOUT THE
AUTHOR
|
|
|
Maureen Pope,
PhD,
is Professor Emeritus at the University
of Reading. Before
retirement she was a
Head of Department and subsequently Dean of the Faculty of Education
and
Community Studies. Her research focus is the application of Personal
Construct
Psychology Theory and constuctivist research methods in education and
professional development. She has written a number of books and
chapters in
these fields. She
was a founder member and a past Chair of the International Study
Association on
Teachers and Teaching (ISATT) and a Convenor of the European Personal
Construct
Association (EPCA). She
now has more time to spend with her family including two grandchildren
living
in Berlin and one who
lives in the Cayman Islands. Email: mjpope@waitrose.com |
|
|
|
|
|
REFERENCE
Pope, M.
(2007). A personal accountof my relationship with PCP. Personal
Construct Theory & Practice, 4, 46-49.
(Retrieved
from http://www.pcp-net.org/journal/pctp07/pope07.html)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Received: 30 December 2006 – Accepted: 5 January
2007 –
Published: 31 January 2007
|
|
|
|
|
|